Low Voter Turnout Essay Example for Free

Low Voter Turnout EssaySUMMARY OF ARTICLE The denomination was written in 1992, basically saying that the fight over ideologies was done, cold war was over, and we were ending the 20th century with America on top. Compare that to today, we vie with China, and Washington fights over ideologies are the greatest theyve ever been. Its beneficial for our country when some people dont vote because it is cardinal for a candidate to be properly chosen rather than many people voting just to vote. Many people are not properly educated throughout the political competition. For example, many young adults get their information from the media such as television or radio. Therefore, not many follow the political views of each(prenominal) and every candidate. MAIN POINT OF ARTICLE Charles Krauthammers main point is that on that point is not an issue with some people not voting. The low elector turnout is beneficial for our government.UNDERSTANDING OF THE ISSUEIS THERE A PROBLEM WITH VOTE R TURNOUT? There is not a problem with low voter turnout because that would signify that educated people voted. It is better for the people who dont veneration about politics not to vote because if they would vote there is a chance they could jeopardize the outcome. There is no point in voting if they did not take the time to learn about or care about the issues in the society. For example, lets say that people are voting whether or not guns should be illegal. If most people who are right about politics voted that guns should be illegal and lets say the other people who dont take it seriously voted that guns should not be illegal, then there would be a big problem. WHAT COULD BE DONE ABOUT SUCH A PROBLEM? There could be more information in schools for younger adults in college and high school about politics. More specifically, candidates can approach young age groups at schools and talk about the important issues going on around them. HOW DO OTHER COUNTRIES APPROACH THIS PROBLEM? Political instability causes higher voter turnout in other countries.

Financial audit Essay Example for Free

Financial audit EssayA wish in internal inhibit exists when the design or operation of a visit does non allow management or employees, in the normal course of coifing their assigned functions, to prevent, or detect and correct, misstatements on a timely basis. A deficiency in design exists when (a) a control necessary to meet the control objective is missing, or (b) an existing control is not properly designed so that, even if the control operates as designed, the control objective would not be met. A deficiency in operation exists when a properly designed control does not operate as designed or when the person performing the control does not possess the necessary authority or competence to perform the control effectively. * Material weakness.A deficiency or a crew of deficiencies, in internal control, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the entitys financial statements will not be prevented, or detected and corrected, on a timely ba sis. * Significant deficiency. A deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control that is less severe than a material weakness yet important enough to merit attention by those charged with governance. AU-C 265 also claims that the auditor should communicate to management at an appropriate level of responsibility, on a timely basis. in writing, significant deficiencies and material weaknesses that the auditor has communicated or intends to communicate to those charged with governance, unless it would be inappropriate to communicate directly to management in the circumstances. * in writing or orally, other deficiencies in internal control identified during the audit that have not been communicated to management by other parties and that, in the auditors professional judgment, are of sufficient importance to merit managements attention. If other deficiencies in internal control are communicated orally, the auditor should document the communication.

The Background Of The Social Stratification Sociology Essay

The Background Of The hearty hearty hearty stratification Sociology EssayAll societies place their members according to superiority, inferiority and equality. The vertical scurf of evaluation, this categorization of multitude in layers is called stratification. Social stratification is a natural and controlled division according to race, religion, tender and economic status. In sociology, social stratification is the graded transcription of social secernatees, castes and strata within a golf club.Anthony Giddens has defined social stratification as the existence of coordinated inequalities between groups in conjunction, in terms of their annoy to fabric or symbolic rewards.According to Peter Saunders, in modern Western societies, stratification depends on social and economic degreees consisting of three main layers focal ratio berth class, Middle class and Lower class. Every class is further divided into smaller classes according to occupation.1.1 BACKGROUNDThe notio n of stratification came into existence in 1940s. Social stratification is the elementary cause of inequalities. The basis for social stratification be earnings, privileges, ethnicity, disability, education, access to benefits, sex, caste, wealth, religion, power, age, gender, occupation, race, region, language, party and politics. Stratification is a trait of society and not further various(prenominal) differences. Indeed it is the outcome of the social arrangement and it has a great impact on everyone. Stratification is universal, but tremendously changeable in form. Stratification persists over generations. It is still prevailing in our society. Four fundamental forms of stratification ar class, caste, estate and slavery. Stratification is common in the animal kingdom on the basis of power and gender and some form of stratification has most likely al ways existed among mercifuls. With the progress of food and other surpluses resulting from hi-tech advances in cultivation and manufacturing, some people began to mount up more wealth than others. There could be many other things influencing social stratification. For the larger part of history, the on lead stratification arrangement was regarded as an undeniable feature of society and the implicit purpose of commentators was to clarify or rationalize that arrangement in terms of apparitional doctrines.1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATIONSocial stratification is social, universal, diverse in structure, very old and consequential. It is a trait of society, not merely a reflection of individual differences. Those at the top of the ladder the higher class has more advantages in life than those at the bottom of the ladder the lower class. The upper classes have more opportunities to thrive in life chances include such things as conditions of work, healthiness and accommodation. People at the top of the ladder may choose the area that they eff in which will tend to have less crime, better schools and better living than those in the lower class. Social stratification moves from generation to generation. Each human being born into the world is involuntarily allocated to social strata. Their place is usually their parents place at that time. We are born with nothing so consequently we inherit what our parents have. Children are influenced by their family members. Every family within the social order and within each social stratum has dissimilar ambitions, determinations and goals to be successful in life. A child will gain knowledge of these through with(predicate) the accomplishments of his own parents. Even though social stratification is universal, it is also variable which means that all different countries have different forms of stratification but its characteristics vary in every country. In the United Kingdom it is very much a class system, whereas in some Asian countries the stratification is on the basis of the religion. Social stratification involves inequality a nd beliefs. Everybody within society has to believe that stratification is fair otherwise at that place is going to be unrest in the society.Social Stratification can be seen in all places around us from our schools to government agencies to even our homes. It is a definite part of our social system that represents the discrimination of opportunities that we experience and observe in our everyday lives. The idea of pecking order emerged in the 17th and 18th one C by sociologist Hobbes and Locke and it was through these sociologists that people realized that inequality existed in the society.On one hand, inequalities based on individual qualities (charisma, economic or social skills, etc.) do not add up to stratification, since they arent defined by membership in a particular category. So, if in a hunting band the best hunter or the spiritualist/sage is held in high regard and has privileged access to some resources, this isnt social stratification. typic Interactionists reveal tha t symbols help to describe the consequence of all social actions, and a persons self is developed socially through social interaction. Legitimating thoughts, expressed symbolically in the form of language give reasons for inequality, for strata, for the ways people are positioned in the strata and for changes in the stratification system. These sustaining ideas also strongly manipulate how people assess themselves within the system, influencing them to agree to their position in the structure as superb and right.1.3 MAJOR FORMS OF STRATIFICATIONPrimal collectivism characterized by an elevated level of sharing and negligible social inequality, Slavery involving enormous social inequality and the ownership of some persons by others, Caste in which a person is permanently assigned to a status based on his or her parents status, Estate in which peasants are required by law to work on land owned by the noble class in exchange for food and protection from outside attacks.There are diff erent forms of social stratification that are present in our societies i.e. Class society In this society persons status is ascribed to them by the accomplishments they have achieved. In the United States, the social stratification that divides the most is the class system, whereas in areas of Africa not plainly are there class differences to divide people but women are in a class by themselves. The class system is defined by the possessions of wealth or material possessions (Henslin, 2010, p.189). Even though we like to think of ourselves as a very progressive nation, we still look down on people that are at a lower place us in class. 1.4 REASONS OF EXISTENCE OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATIONNatural predictability suggests that discrimination exists because of natural differences in peoples abilities and is a just system. Structural - runalists states that stratification is helpful to society because it enhances strength and induces members of the society to endeavor. Conflict suggests th at stratification occurs through conflict amid different classes, with the upper classes using greater power to take a bigger theatrical role of the social resources. Evolutionary states that people will share sufficient resources to guarantee the survival of the group until an excess exists at which point power determines how the surplus is distributed. Symbolic Interactionists calls attention to the significance of symbolic displays of wealth and power that influence ones definition of self and the importance of ideas in defining social situations.Inequality may protrude from natural differences in peoples abilities. Structural-functionalists believe that societies have a tendency to be stable and are held as one through agreement. Stratification provides an important function to society by aiding this process because it lessens conflict and provides structure. Conflict theorists believe that society tends towards conflict and change and that stratification system compel the low er classes to benefit the upper classes.1.5 ORIGINS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATIONIn early societies, people shared a common societal position. As societies evolved and became more intricate, they began to elevatesome members. To understand stratification, we must(prenominal) first understand its origins.Though there is a lot that we dont know about origins of stratification, it is apparent that it is a fairly recent development, as exposed through study of grave goods, and historical record of state expansion and conquest of more egalitarian societies. Once they come up, stratified systems lean to expand at expense of egalitarian systems, but this cannot explain origins of first stratified systems i.e. cases of pristine state formation. It is not simply survival mode, since some foragers are less democratic than many agricultural and most pastoralist societiesAttempts to elucidate cultural advancement of social stratification in ecological terms by and large rely on one or some other of ii basic approaches1. Stratification = solution to an ecological problem2. Stratification = system by which one class extracts resources from anotherThese two approaches often termedfunctionalandconflicttheories, respectively. Functional theories focus on benefits to all parties in contrast, Conflict theories argue that elites benefit at expense of commoners.2. literature REVIEW OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATIONThe book by Macionis, J and Plummer, K., 2007, called Sociology A Global Introduction defines Social stratification as a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy and that one group has access to a disproportionate amount of money, power and prestige and stratification can be used as a lens to focus on social inequality.The books by Haralmbos, M., Holborn, M. and Heald, R., 2008, called Sociology themes and perspectivesdefines, social stratification to the presence of distinct social groups which are ranked one above the other in terms of factors such as prestige and wealth.The five societal pyramids explain how societies work.This pyramid arrangement focused on how people were ranked by their financial positions, their power and their prestige. The way society effort with social division depends upon wealth and power, not on hereditary position. The open system based on personal accomplishment, where people have control over position between upper and lower class in society can lead to discrimination amongst each other. The stratification systems focused on other social divisions such asGender stratificationEthnic stratificationAge stratificationHealth and disabilityIn the 19th and 20th century the structural functional paradigm argued that stratification systems are functional for society. The Davis-Moore Thesis argues that industrialized societies for the most part are prolific under a system of meritocracy. Under this kind of inequality, the stratification system rewards good performers with high salaries and punishes poor perfo rmers with fewer salaries. Davis-Moore argued that several jobs have to to pay more than others they are important jobs, so their high salary will magnetize the most excellent performers. These top performers will be more inventive and this is functional for society. Functionalists also argue that stratification promotes in-group harmony.Marx and Weber, who were Conflict theorists, alleged that the finest way to study social stratification was by using Conflict possibility. On the whole, the main aim was to scrutinize and elucidate social inequality in society. Marx thought that there were two classes in the social order, owners and the workers. He wanted the workforce to become aware of this theory to ultimately bring down the owners.Weber, in contrast, considered more about Marx theory and thought that there must be another class involved which is the middle class. Middle class inhabitants are ones with skills required for jobs but do not have ownership this furbish up them at a distance from blue-collars, because they had skills for certain jobs which gave them a sense of power.Mills and Domhoff thought that there are little incorporated groups of people who stay out of political affairs so they are not estranged. This gives them a key to power in society. Social Stratification allows people who have proficient varying competence and riches to function in ways that are appropriate for them.This is a functionalist perspective supported by Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore. They started by pointing out that no society is classless or unstratified.4. CONCLUSION/SUGGESTIONSFrom the above mentioned things we can conclude that the basic factor that causes social stratification is poverty. Steps should be taken for its eradication which will bring change in the society.In order to eradicate social stratification, we should try to eradicate things that are causing it including uneven education, facilities, opportunities, wealth, poverty etc. if all the citizens o f every country will get everything in equal quantity and quality, only then change will happen. This is the basic right of every citizen and it should be given to them. More fortunate people should help the less fortunate ones. They should try to be empathetic towards poor only then they can help them. They should be motivated and interested in keeping everybody equal and everyone should try, on individual level, to see the needy around them. other than this the only best solution to solve this vicious circle is to apply a Sharia law on national scale, which stipulates that each person should set aside 2.5% of the income each person earns monthly to help eradicate poverty and the money gathered can be used to purchase things needed for those who are in need as capital, like sewing machines or seeds etc.Theres no way for the government to be able to reduce or permit alone eradicate poverty as long as it tightly clings on to capitalism and those 99% Americans are the living proofs, who say capitalism slang eradicate poverty.

Summarising the Paris Agreement

Summarising the capital of France arrangingThe Kyoto communications protocols second commitment period is due to end in the year 2020, the same time as the new Paris agreement is due to come into force to replace this protocol (Wilder, Ric effortful and Curnow, 2016). Given that the issue of fragmentation described earlier hinges on the provision present in the Kyoto protocol, it is clear that the nourishment introduced in the new agreement have the potential to change the fragmented relationship between the mode and biodiversity regimes. This presents a unique opportunity to examine howA1 this relationship may have changed critique the Paris agreements attempts at managing fragmentation examine how the international community may be attempting to improve fragmented regimesA2 suggest how the international community might be able to improve on the weaker areas. To do this it is first necessary to provide a summary of the Paris agreement, exploring how it may differ from the Kyoto protocol in general and specifically in its delimitations on the employment of forests in achieving the objectives of the UNFCCC. To then go on to discuss what these differences mean for the fragmented UNFCCC-CBD regime.BackgroundDuring the 2011 United Nations Climate Change assembly, the Durban Platform (and the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action) was establish with the aim to negotiate a legal instrument authorities climate change mitigation measures from 2020. The Durban Platform decision had identified the digest of work for the 2015 Agreement as mitigation, rendering, finance, technology development and transfer, transparency of performance, and support and capacity building. Developed countries, however, had long sought to focus on mitigation and transparency alone, while some(prenominal) developing countries had argued for parity in treatment across mitigation, adaptation, transparency and means of implementation (finance, technology and capacity building). A3The agreement entailed the continuation of the Kyoto Protocol in the interim, although entirely some countries including members of the EU were indicated as likely to commit.A4 The terms of the Durban Platform were ultimately met following the successful dialog of the Paris Agreement through decision 1/CP.21, the text of the Paris Agreement is contained in the annex to this decision. The resulting agreement was to be adopted in 2015. The language of the agreement was negotiated by representatives of 195 countries at the 21st Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC in Paris and adopted by consensus on 12 December 2015. It was opened for signature on 22 April 2016 (Earth Day) 175 Parties (174 states and the European Union) signed the agreement on the first date it was open for signature. As of December 2016, 194 UNFCCC members have signed the treaty, 126 of which have ratified it. After several European Union states ratified the agreement in October 2016, th ere were enough countries that had ratified the agreement that produce enough of the worlds greenhouse gases for the agreement to enter into force. The agreement went into effect on the fourth of November 2016.Preamble and Purpose The preamble establishes the overarching context for the operative elements of the agreement, the importance of nature is recognised and enshrined in addressing the challenges of adaptation and mitigation sinks and reservoirs, including forest ecosystems and unlike the Kyoto protocol, the importance of defend biodiversity is mentioned The Parties to this Agreement, Noting the importance of ensuring the integrity of all ecosystems, including oceans, and the protection of biodiversity. Through this framing the importance of nature is recognised, and can be expected to trio to a greater focus on maintaining healthy ecosystems, which up until now has been an underrepresented dimension of climate change solutions. A5General A2The Paris Agreement has a botto m up in parts structure in contrast to most international environmental law treaties which are top down, characterised by standards and targets set internationally, for states to implement. Like the Kyoto Protocol the aim of the convention is described in Article 2, enhancing the implementation of the UNFCCC. Is an unusual Agreement, containing a carefully calibrated mix of hard, soft and non-obligations, the boundaries between which are blurred. Each of these types of obligations plays a distinct and valuable role. The hard obligations of conduct in mitigation and finance, in conjunction with a rigorous oversight system, form the core of the Paris Agreement. The soft obligations peppered throughout the instrument in relation to mitigation, adaptation and means of implementation create good faith expectations of Parties. And the non-obligations, albeit unusual in operational provisions of treaties, provide valuable context, construct narratives and crack mutual reassurances.NDCs A 3Unlike its predecessor, which sets commitment targets that have legal force, the Paris Agreement, with its emphasis on consensus-building allows for voluntary and nationally pertinacious targetsA6. Nationally meetd contributions NDCs are determined by all countries individually Article 3 requires them to be ambitious, represent a progression over time and set with the view to achieving the purpose of this Agreement. The contributions should be reported every five years, the contributions themselves are not binding. The specific climate goals are thus politically encouraged, rather than legally bound. Only the processes governing the account and review of these goals are mandated. While each Partys NDC is not legally binding, the Parties are legally bound to have their progress tracked by technical bright review A7to assess achievement toward the NDC, and to determine ways to strengthen ambition.Forests A5Importantly the main text includes a section dedicated specifically to th e role of forests in climate change mitigation, sending a strong political signal to both highly-developed and developing countries that they should implement and support forest protection, sustainable worry and restoration. It differs from the Kyoto protocol in that it does not include provisions commanding the promotion of policies associated with either afforestation, reforestation or deforestation, nor are these prescribed to meet any much(prenominal) commitments. Article 5, integrates these forest-based climate change mitigation and adaptation measures in the operational scheme of the Agreement, noting in paragraph 1 that Parties should take action to conserve and enhance, as appropriate, sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases as referred to in Article 4, paragraph 1(d), of the Convention, including forests. This pledge to fight deforestation and promote conservation has been regarded by some as a identify shift in the international climate regime. It provides a legal bas is to require Parties only to conserve and enhance ecosystems when taking INDCs to address climate change. bill importantly that this provision encourages all parties, developing and developed to use ecosystem based mitigation options. Further more(prenominal) reference to reservoirs of greenhouse gases could provide a basis for use of carbon capture and storage technologies according to those who view Article 4, paragraph 1 of the UNFCCC as an encouragement to use such technology based options.REDD A8 A5Whereas provisions relating to forest conservation in developing countries were deliberately omitted from the Kyoto protocolA9, due to efficiency concerns. REDD+ was formally recognised in an explicit and standalone part of the Paris agreement, article 5.2, in which Parties are encouraged to take action to implement and support, -A10, the brisk framework for policy approaches and positive incentives for activities relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degra dation. Note the specific enunciation designed to prevent REDD+ from becoming a formal mechanism under the Convention, chosen to prevent the kind of administrative barriers that have been encountered when approving projects under the existing Clean Development instrument. Encourages implementation and support, among others, of REDD+, and alternative policy approaches such as joint mitigation and adaptation approaches for integral and sustainable management of forests. Article 5 paragraph 2 refers to frameworks, decisions and guidance adopted over the years as they relate to forests, including REDD+, it also reaffirms the importance of non-carbon benefits of forests.REDD BackgroundA11REDD+ which has been in development since 2005, was the subject of intense negotiation during the 2015 climate change conference in Paris. Its inclusion in the Paris agreement is a notable achievement. High on the agenda in the lead up to Paris was the ambiguity associated with the lack of a strong pol itical signal to assure the international community that REDD+ was a permanent addition to the climate regime. Countries such as Brazil (who have long opposed the proliferation of forest regimes) did not want any reference to REDD+ at all, arguing that the arrangements had already been hypothesise through the Warsaw Framework for REDD+. Whereas organisations such as the Coalition for Rainforest Nations (CRN) argued for further provisions to establish financing for REDD+. REDD was considered for inclusion alongside other mechanisms such as the Joint Mitigation and Adaptation Mechanism (JMA). Other key topics of discussion included whether REDD+ reductions would count toward countries national climate action plans, or INDCs. schoolbook Despite the CRNs efforts, the new treaty does not introduce any new finance commitments, pledges or channels, beyond those found in Article 9. Though clause 55 specifically recognised the need for financial resources to support forest-related activit ies, with particular mention of joint mitigation and adaptation approaches for the integral and sustainable management of forests. The provisions in article 5.2 are considered to be positive for forests, by formally recognising the role they play in combatting climate change, providing the necessary political signal to mobilise action and by operationalizing the REDD+ package, sending a clear message that it is a prominent piece of the new global climate action strategy.Sustainable Development Mechanism A6Establishes the sustainable development mechanism an advancement of the clean development mechanism that was present in the Kyoto protocol which facilitated the collaborative pursuit of emissions reductions for their Intended Nationally compulsive Contributions. Notably, the SDM, unlike the Clean Development Mechanism, will be available to all parties as opposed to only Annex-1 parties, making it much wider in scope. Although the structure and the processes governing the SDM are not yet determined the specifics of the governance structure, project proposal modalities, and overall design are expected to come during the next Conference of the Parties in Marrakesh. Relevance to REDD+ forest based mitigation will form part of the SDM, including measures for public and private participation that could possibly mobilise private financing A12for REDD+, forest conservation and sink enhancement.Flexibility Throughout article 6 Provides benefits to REDD+ mechanism in the form of the transference of mitigation outcomes (including emissions reductions or removal enhancement). Furthermore it is stipulated that cooperation in implementing NDCs must provide reference to REDD+ as well as stipulating the trading of emissions reductions. ScopeAnother key difference between Paris Agreement and the Kyoto Protocol is its scope. While the Kyoto Protocol antitheticiated between Annex-1 and non-Annex-1 countries, this bifurcation is blurred in the Paris Agreement, as all parties will be required to submit emissions reductions plans. The acknowledgement that different nations have different capacities and duties to climate action it does not provide a specific division between developed and developing nations.Adaptation Adaptation issues garnered more focus in the formation of the Paris Agreement. Collective, long-term adaptation goals are included in the Agreement, and countries must report on their adaptation actions, making adaptation a parallel component of the agreement with mitigation. May be relevant to forests in that it requires the protection of ecosystem and the implementation of measures to increase their resilience.TransparencyArticle 13 of the Paris Agreement articulates an enhanced transparency framework for action and support that establishes harmonized monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) requirements. Thus, both developed and developing nations must report every twain years on their mitigation efforts, and all parties will be subj ect to both technical and companion review. The agreement also has an enhanced transparency framework over the Kyoto protocol the Parties are legally bound to have their progress tracked by technical expert review to assess achievement toward the NDC, and to determine ways to strengthen ambition. Article 13 of the Paris Agreement articulates an enhanced transparency framework for action and support that establishes harmonized monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) requirements. Thus, both developed and developing nations must report every two years on their mitigation efforts, and all parties will be subject to both technical and peer review.Carbon MarketAdditional elements include in article 6 the basis for a global carbon market, involving the international transfer of mitigation outcomes (ITMOs). A13A1Expand on thisA2Compare to the suggestions that critics have offeredA3Necessary?A4? moveA5Consider moving to discussion?A6Could result in less emphasis on need for conversio n?A7Do these experts note the importance of biod?A8More information inevitableA9Check thisA10IncludeA11Consider orderA12There are private financing afforestation projects?A13To complete, are there more aspects?

Marketing fundamentals essay

market fundamentals essayIntroductionIn 1964 Neil H. Borden published the word The Concept of the merchandising Mix. The merchandising melt in Bordens fancy originally included product planning pricing branding channels of distribution or place personal selling promotions advertising packaging display servicing physical handling and fact finding and analysis, (Zineldin and Philipson, 2007, p231). According to this concept, the list of twelve ingredients of the trade mix is ad unslopedable. It could depend on what kind of elements or argonas researchers want to focus on or emphasize to change more, but in The Concept of Marketing Mix, Borden (1964) already explained explicitly why he chose the twelve elements as the market mix.However, so far though the idea of the merchandise mix is derived from Borden, the 4Ps merchandise mix which is know to the public was introduced by Jerome McCarthy Product, Price, Promotion, Place (Constantinides, 2006 Gummesson, 2008). As Anderson an d Taylor (1995, p2) claim The major step in popularizing the market mix was the publication of Jerome McCarthys, Basic Marketing A carri timeial Approach in 1960.The purpose of this paper is to discuss whether the trade mix is excuse a suitable approach to modern day marketing. For instance, with clean engineering science and subsequent changes in peoples lifestyles, refreshed marketing concepts are springing up, such as descent marketing and service marketing. Therefore, is the marketing mix save useful today, or should it be improved or even replaced by other new bases this is a controversial area.The marketing mix and relationship marketingA ken of criticisms are fined at McCarthys 4Ps manikin because researchers generally think that 4Ps are too simplified. Those who attack the paradigm take over suggested that the model should pass water more factors added into it (Traynor, 1985 Magrath, 1986 and Doyle, 1994) or even use other factors, such as 4Cs to substitute 4Ps (Lauter natural, 1990). Grnroos (1994) even stated that it is clipping for the marketing mix to step down and let a new paradigm shift emerge.Moreover, during the past few decades, the debate that the marketing mix demand to be replaced by other new paradigm shift marketing concepts is going on (Constantinides, 2006 Gummesson, 2008). As discussed by Grnroos (2006), relationship marketing is one of the strongest candidates among so many competitors who are eager to substitute the marketing mix. Furthermore, as Grnroos (1994, p5) statesIn marketing education, teaching students how to use a toolbox had become the totally dominating task instead of discussing the meaning and consequences of the marketing concept and the process personality of market relationships.This indicates that the marketing mix is a good model and memorable for students to understand the general marketing strategy concept. It may, nonetheless, limit students creativity idea in order to fit the framework at the same time.In fact, the marketing mix is still adopted by many scholars and is published in the mass of textbooks, but some have contestd that customer relationship is an emerging trend in recent years (Grnroos, 1994). With time change, the pattern and relationship between sellers and buyers have a significant difference now than before (Coviello and Brodie, 2001). Take hospital industry in Taiwan for example over the last few decades doctors have played a brisk role in this industry. They are the kings and they are independent, because hospitals rely on them to make profits. In addition, the qualifications required to enter this industry are relatively high compared to other fields, so during that era the supply (hospitals) was some(prenominal) less than the demand (patients). This also results in hospitals not needing a good manager or a proper marketer to run the credit line, and yet they still can make money. It is common that, if patients are ill, they have to lay their n ame on a long waiting list. Sometimes even if they have already made an appointment, due to too many patients in the same time period, they still need to wait. Moreover, after a long waiting time, when it is finally their time to see doctors, most of the time doctors are not so friendly. However, this kind of power is totally different now. Health care industry is no longer a monopoly. As more hospitals are established, the competitions become more intense. As a result, owners of health care organizations start to emphasize the relationship between doctors and patients. In addition, managers also think that employees who may contact with customers are all part-time marketers (Gummesson, 1990). The main factor to cause this kind of change is that buyers (patients) have more choices nowadays. For instance, if there are two sellers (doctors) equipped with the same conditions, but one provides more give on intangible service and has good relationships with buyers, then buyers allow definitely go to the one who shows more concern for them. Consequently, managers of health care organizations have to apprise patients and doctors relationships or they may keep losing customers. This also shows that relationship marketing is a new trend now.While it is interesting to note that some researchers attack the marketing mix is being outdated and in fact that it cannot be deemed as an unchallengeable foundation of marketing, they believe that it formed almost 40 years past the concept of it, they argue, in contemporary business or academic research is no longer useful. By contrast, relationship marketing is the new upcoming theme of marketing. Relationship marketing is neither original thinking nor a novelty theory, but it has already been in existence for quite a long time. Zineldin and Philipson (2007, p229) argue that relationship marketing is one of the oldest approaches to marketing. As early as about 25 years ago, the term was introduced as a strategy to service m arketing by Berry in 1983, according to Crosby and Stephens (1987).By comparing the transaction-oriented marketing, which is part of the marketing mix feature with relationship marketing, most companies still put speech pattern on attracting new customers rather than focusing on establishing a long-term relationship with their existing customers. As reported by Zineldin and Philipson (2007), finding new customers cost less than retaining current customers. Moreover, having a long-term relationship with clients is indeed profitable, but consumers desire is also endless. With more services are provided and a variety of products are easy to access currently, consumers just will want more rather than less, and their mind changes frequently. Accordingly, for companies to maximize profits immediately is both necessary and important for them (Zineldin and Philipson, 2007).Furthermore, relationship marketing focuses on not only the connection amid corporations and customers, but also the r elationship between corporations. Consequently, relationship marketing may not be the caseful for all corporations. For example, if a tin high societys ingredients are all from the same supplier, then once the food that the supplier offers has a problem, then the tin companys business will definitely be affected by lack of ingredients. As a result, some companies may not want to rely on another company too much (Zineldin and Philipson, 2007).The other point many academic scholars criticize about the marketing mix is that some standard marketing ingredients are not integrated with the marketing mix into textbooks to become a complete whole body (Grnroos, 1994Gummesson, 2002). They are just like toppings on the pizza the toppings are those additional Ps and the model of 4Ps is the base. The reason why it causes this kind of outcome is owing to model being oversimplified, from a list of elements into four Ps. However, at the same time it cannot be denied that the contribution of the marketing mix and four Ps is significant (Jobber, 2007). Although a lot of new concepts have emerged, it does not mean that the marketing mix will be replaced. To some certain extent, it is still a useful approach and provides a fundamental theory for people who want to study or explore this field. By combining the marketing mix with other spring up theories, it can allow marketing theory to become better. Even Grnroos is against the marketing mix, but he also claims the following (1994, p14)Even if marketing mix management is dying as the dominating marketing paradigm and the Four P model needs to be replaced, this does not mean that the Ps themselves, and other concepts of the managerial approach such as market segmentation and indeed the marketing concept (McKitterick, 1957 Keith, 1960), would be less valuable than before. Relationships do not function by themselves.Hence, no matter how marketing concepts develop, the root of these new paradigms is related to the marketing mix. It is of range relevant to contemporary marketing means and still regarded as a core value of marketing.The marketing mix and e-commerce marketingIn the 21st century, business may not only be based on physical activities, but also on virtual(prenominal) activities. Therefore, discussing whether the marketing mix can be adapted to e-commerce is a signal to see if it is still relevant to contemporary thinking. As Peattie (1997, p142) point outAlthough the marketing implications of emerging electronic or virtual markets are being discussed, the implications for the management of the marketing mix are often being overlooked. Already many innovative companies are taking advantage of the new generation of technologies to enhance or re-engineer key elements of the marketing mix, giving marketing a leading role in introducing companies to the revolutionary world of terzetto age computing.They stress that the marketing mix in this industry is revolutionizing and 4Ps have another new defini tion to fit e-commerce and marketing function. In a practical aspect, it had been put into practice for many organizations (Peter and Olson, 2005). In addition, virtual value chain also used 4Ps to illustrate the effect of it on electronic business (Bhatt and Emdad, 2001). Many companies still use the marketing mix and 4Ps as their strategy, but with little change on the traditional 4Ps. Allen and Fjermestad (2001, p22) also indicate that Although many of the e-commerce strategy frameworks offer a unique contribution to strategic planning, integrating these models into the traditional product, price, place and promotion framework can provide a more complete analysis of strategy. It reinforces the suck in that the marketing mix and 4Ps are the cornerstone of marketing and the basis of strategy marketing. More importantly, it is still applied to 21st century new trend business, electronic commerce. In consequence, it is identified that the marketing mix just needs some small changes to be integrated well with other re-discovery concepts it then plays the most vital role in contemporary marketing theory yet.ConclusionThe marketing mix and marketing are just like the constitution is to a country. composing is the foundation of a nation. The law may be changed or adjusted with time because the environment and the way people think is greatly different from that of those who were born 50 years ago. Consequently, it is unavoidable that the law should be changed, eliminated or have more rules added to it. Nevertheless, no matter how the rule is amended, the basic rule is always there. It represents a countrys spirit and belief, and this is unchangeable. Hence, this is just as the marketing mix to marketing, in my opinion.Even though some scholars criticize that marketing is not an appropriate approach currently, it needs to be replaced with other rising marketing principles. Nonetheless, common terms such as relationship marketing, service marketing and e-commerce ma rketing, are focusing on just a part of marketing. They can tackle the problem of a specific area but the marketing mix and 4Ps are the basis of a much more general theory. Moreover, although those who attack the marketing mix for being an old concept and of less relevance today, they also support that the relationship between the marketing mix and marketing is still very close. The influence of the marketing mix is still strong today but certainly not as punishing as it has been in the past, and indeed the concept of it still shows signs of practical implementation in contemporary society.ReferencesAllen, E. and Fjermestad, J. (2001) E-commerce marketing strategies an integrated framework and case analysis, Logistics Information Management, Vol. 14 morsel 1/2, pp. 14-23.Anderson, L. McTier and Taylor, Ruth L. (1995) McCarthys 4Ps Timeworn or Time-tested?, journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Vol. 3 retire 3, pp.1-9.Berry, D. (1990) Marketing mix for the 90s adds an S and 2 Cs to 4Ps, Marketing News, Vol. 24 Issue 26, December, p.10.Bhatt G. and Emdad, A. F. (2001) An analysis of the virtual chain in electronic commerce, Logistics Information Management, Vol. 14 Number 1/2, pp. 78-85.Borden, Neil H. (1964) The Concept of the Marketing Mix, Journal of Advertising Research, pp. 7-12Constantinides, E. (2006) The Marketing Mix Revisited Toward the 21st Century Marketing, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 22 Number 3, pp.407-438.Coviello, Nicole E. and Brodie, Roderick J. (2001) Contemporary marketing practices of consumer and business-to-business firms how different are they?, Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, Vol. 16 Issue 5, pp. 382-400.Crosby, L. and Stephens, N. (1987) Effects of Relationship Marketing on Satisfaction, Retention, and Prices in the Life Insurance Industry, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 24 Number 4, pp. 404-411.Doyle, P. (1994) Marketing Management and Strategy. Hemel Hempstead Prentice Hall.Grnroos, C. (1994) From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing Towards a Paradigm Shift in Marketing, Management Decision, Vol. 32 Number 2, pp. 4-20.Grnroos, C. (2006) On Defining Marketing Finding a New Roadmap for Marketing, Marketing Theory, Vol. 6 Number 4, pp.394-417.Gummesson, E. (1990) The Part-Time Marketer. Karlstad CTF Service Research Center.Gummesson, E. (2002) Practical value of adequate marketing management theory, European Journal of Marketing, Vol.36 Number 3, pp. 325-349.Gummesson, E. (2008) Total Relationship Marketing, 3rd edition. Amsterdam Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann.Jobber, D. (2007) Principles and Practice of Marketing, 5th edition. Maidenhead McGraw-Hill.Lauterborn, B. (1990) New marketing litany four Ps pass C-words takeover, Advertising Age, Vol. 61 Issue 41, October, p. 26.Magrath, A. J. (1986) When Marketing Services, 4Ps Are Not Enough, Business Horizons, Vol. 29 Issue 3, pp.44-50Peattie, K. (1997) The marketing mix in the third age of computing, Marketing Intelligence Plan ning, Vol. 15 Number 3, pp. 142-150.Peter, J. Paul and Olson, Jerry C. (2005) Consumer Behavior Marketing Strategy. New York McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Traynor, K. (1985) Research deserves status as marketings fifth P, Marketing News, Vol.19 Issue 23, November, pp.7, 12.Zineldin, M. and Philipson, S. (2007) Kotler and Borden are not dead myth of relationship marketing and truth of the 4Ps, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 24 Number 4, pp.229-241.

Capitalists? :: Free Essays Online

Capitalists? Capitalism is the American way to create massive amounts of wealth through exploitation of helpless or naive people. When capitalism controls wizs incoming it becomes a noose that will control how one grows up and lives in the future. An example of this type of controlling capitalism is the new Marriott hospitality Public Charter High School in Washington D.C. that trains mostly black*, familiar metropolis, high school students to become desk clerks, sales directors, and caterers (Hedgpeth). Washington come out Staff Writer Dana Hedgpeth in her article If You Cant Hire Em, Train Em describes this process and the way the Marriott Company is going about creating their future. While Hedgpeth praises Marriott for its attention to underprivileged high school students, the question remains whether the attention given to these students in this school is the type of attention that will suffer them to be all they can be? Marriott and other supporters of this sch ool believe that what they ar doing is creating a chance for a lost cause. In Washington D.C. at that place are plenty of poor black parents who would immediately send their child to a Marriott Charter School instead of a D.C. Public School where the classes are huge, the teachers are less inclined to care about the students, and fights or killings sometimes occur. The high school graduation rate of Washington D.C. in 1998 was approximately 57 percent, which is one of the lowest graduation rates in the country (The Manhattan Institute For Policy Research). Its better then having no chance at all, says Rory Holderness, an inner city Baltimore native, who went to public school, saw fights almost everyday, and two of his friends dropped out of high school. Marriott thinks that their new charter school will be helpful to inner city high school kids that might not admit a future or enough money to go to college. The labor market is very skinny these days These students will take on jobs in the citys largest diligence , said William R. Tiefel, who is the chairman of the Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, and Emily Vetter who is the president of the Hotel Association of Washington, D.C. (Hedgpeth). Although nothing is guaranteed in life, Tiefel and Vetter have basically promised these District students that if they do not go to college from their charter school they will have secured a job in the citys largest industry(Hedgpeth).

Technology - A Futuristic Prom :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

A Futuristic Prom RING, RING Hello, this is Matty337.Hey Matty337, its Zinc451, whats up? Nothin much, I am respectable enjoying my Saturday good afternoon home alone.Oh, I Just called to ask you a question. What is it Zinc? Is something wrong?No, Matty, I was just wondering if... well I know its cast of shortstop notice, but I was wondering if... you would like to go to the Neptunian Starlight Prom with me.Sure Zinc Id love to goYeah, Ill pick you up at 730, O.K.? Ya, Ill mold you at 730, byeBye, Matty eventually, he asked me. Ive been waiting all my life for Zinc to ask me out on a date. After all, Ive merely had a crush on him since the year 2149. Just think, the most astronomical guy in school asked me to the Neptunian Starlight prom of the year 2153. Its going to be the outperform wickedness of my lifeOh no, I totally spaced it out. The prom is tonight and I dont have a nip. The Mars Mall is too many miles for my ballistic capsule to tent-fly this afternoon from my galax y purple house on 95070 Jupiter Street. What will I do? Suddenly, it dawns on me I can order a dress absent of the Universal Wide Web and have it teleported to my own houseMy teleporter is a very complex utensil used to make one quarry break down and appear somewhere else in perfect replica. This is a machine that works on 3-dimensional objects as opposed to 2-dimensional sheets of paper. It looks almost like a fax machine and scans the original object, breaks it up into billions of tiny atoms, scans it to a untested location and rearranges it in its perfect form.I run down stairs as quickly as possible, there is no time to waste. I open the office door and plop down in the chair in front of my new 2153 mannequin Astrocomputer. After turning on the super fast computer and atomic laser printer I begin to work. When the 3-D super pixel try comes up I immediately click on the blue U for Universal Explorer. I plug in my Interstellar Satellite Modem. I go to the top of the scre en where the word DESTINATION jumps out at me. I suddenly get a rush of excitement all passim my body. Finally I am going to get the perfect prom dress I click on the destination box and begin to type- www.engineering - A Futuristic Prom Exploratory Essays Research PapersA Futuristic Prom RING, RING Hello, this is Matty337.Hey Matty337, its Zinc451, whats up? Nothin much, I am just enjoying my Saturday afternoon home alone.Oh, I Just called to ask you a question. What is it Zinc? Is something wrong?No, Matty, I was just wondering if... well I know its kind of short notice, but I was wondering if... you would like to go to the Neptunian Starlight Prom with me.Sure Zinc Id love to goYeah, Ill pick you up at 730, O.K.? Ya, Ill see you at 730, byeBye, MattyFinally, he asked me. Ive been waiting all my life for Zinc to ask me out on a date. After all, Ive only had a crush on him since the year 2149. Just think, the most astronomical guy in school asked me to the Neptunian Starlight p rom of the year 2153. Its going to be the best night of my lifeOh no, I totally spaced it out. The prom is tonight and I dont have a dress. The Mars Mall is too many miles for my spacecraft to fly this afternoon from my galaxy purple house on 95070 Jupiter Street. What will I do? Suddenly, it dawns on me I can order a dress off of the Universal Wide Web and have it teleported to my own houseMy teleporter is a very complex machine used to make one object disintegrate and appear somewhere else in perfect replica. This is a machine that works on 3-dimensional objects as opposed to 2-dimensional sheets of paper. It looks almost like a fax machine and scans the original object, breaks it up into billions of tiny atoms, scans it to a new location and rearranges it in its perfect form.I run down stairs as quick as possible, there is no time to waste. I open the office door and plop down in the chair in front of my new 2153 Model Astrocomputer. After turning on the super fast computer and a tomic laser printer I begin to work. When the 3-D super pixel screen comes up I immediately click on the blue U for Universal Explorer. I plug in my Interstellar Satellite Modem. I go to the top of the screen where the word DESTINATION jumps out at me. I suddenly get a rush of excitement all throughout my body. Finally I am going to get the perfect prom dress I click on the destination box and begin to type- www.